Display the last part of a file. Display the contents of file or, by default, it's standard input, to the standard output.
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If more than a single file is specified, each file is preceded by a header consisting of the string >XXX< where XXX is the name of the file.
The Process Control keyboard shortcuts can be used while tail is running.
The display begins at a byte, line or 512-byte block location in the input.
Numbers having a leading plus (+) sign are relative to the beginning of the input, for example, -c +2 starts the display at the second byte of the input. Numbers having a leading minus (-) sign or no explicit sign are relative to the end of the input, for example, -n 2 displays the last two lines of the input.
The default starting location is -n 10, or the last 10 lines of the input.
The tail utility is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 (POSIX.2) specification. In particular, the -F, -b and -r options are extensions to that standard.
The tail utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
Common Log File locations
/private/var/log
/Library/Logs
~/Library/Logs
The /private folder is hidden for protection. To view it with Finder, select Go > Go to Folder
Examples
Extract the last 20 lines from a file:
$ tail -20 file.txt
Output the newly appended lines of a file instantly:
$ tail -f /var/log/wifi.log
Output newly appended lines, and keep trying if the file is temporarily inaccessible:
$ tail -F /var/log/wifi.log
DIsplay the last 40 lines from the system.log, continue until Ctrl-C is pressed:
$ tail -40 -f /var/log/system.log
Extract lines 40-50 from a file, first using head to get the first 50 lines then tail to get the last 10:
$ head -50 file.txt | tail -10
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'Money will buy a pretty good dog, but it won't buy the wag of his tail' ~ Henry Wheeler Shaw
How To Run Tails
Related macOS commands:
Tail For Malpractice
cat - Concatenate and print (display) the content of files.
head - Display the first lines of a file.
sed - Stream Editor.
Console.app (Applications/Utilities) - Display macOS log files.
LNav.org - Log file Navigator.
How To Cook Lobster Tail For Mac And Cheese
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